Gender Roles Since High School Essay - 1334 Words

Gender roles resurfaced as a pivotal factor in my life during my late adolescence. In our culture different sports are considered to be male and female dominated respectively. Unfortunately little is done to challenge or resist these societal norms and I experienced this first hand during my senior year of high school. Volleyball, which is considered to be a sport primarily for girls and women, was not offered to boys at my high school. Subsequently, I was forced to petition for approval towards the creation of a male volleyball which ultimately went unsuccessful due to time constraints and unwillingness to help from staff and administration. While this example pertained to male exclusion countless female friends of mine struggled to participate in male-dominated sports throughout high school including wrestling and lacrosse. â€Å"Part of what schools are supposed to be doing under Title IX, and often are not doing, is regularly assessing girls interest, looking to see what sport s girls are playing and asking girls what they want to play that is currently not being offered† (Wallace). In this instance my districts athletic director directly impacted the sporting experiences for the entire student body by failing to adhere to sufficient standards with respect to gender norms. High school sports presented a unique culture with respect to sport. Trends throughout my high school strongly reinforced dominant ideologies throughout society. Links between athletic success andShow MoreRelatedGender Nonconforming1320 Words   |  6 PagesWhat is gender nonconforming? Is it the same thing as being transgender? The answer is no. 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Gender equality is the view that all men and women should have the same rights no matter what their gender is. In the majority of the cases, men have always had more opportunities than women. They easily obtain advantages just because they are men. On the other hand, women have had fewer opportunities than men, andRead MoreMy Ethnicity From China Or Other Places1294 Words   |  6 Pagesgrown to respect the distinctiveness of each culture, including my own. Gender is one of the greatest factors that can determine how we define ourselves and others. Although gender is determined at birth for many, it does not influence one s identity of self until a later age. How society views the roles of each gender influences how a person views themselves. As the view changes, so does one’s identity. In the past, the roles of men and women were defined and separated. Men were expected to provideRead MoreMy Life Chances within Canadian Society Essay1451 Words   |  6 Pageson race, class, gender, and sexuality, believe that they will affect my life chances in the post-industrial societies such as Canada. First of all, let me briefly describe my family background. I was born in the communist country of China. My family immigrated to Canada in the year of 1992. We were an average income family in China. However, after moving into Canada, we became a family that lies below poverty line. Since my parents both do not have the chance of receiving a high education, they haveRead MoreDeviance In Us Society : Gender Roles And Stereotypes1120 Words   |  5 PagesDeviance in US Society: Gender Roles and Stereotypes On October 6, 2017, I woke up and for an hour I thought about what social norm I was going to challenge for this assignment. After giving it careful thought, I decided I was going to challenge the gender roles, identity, and stereotypes that society has. â€Å"Gender roles are sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one’s status as male or female.† (Conley, 2017, p.133) I was going to challenge this with my clothing. So, I decided I was going

Prevalence and Nature of Medication Administration

Question: Discuss about the Prevalence and Nature of Medication Administration. Answer: Introduction: The following report is considered with the evaluation of the pathophysiology referring to the case study of Anne, a 10 year old girl diagnosed with appendicitis. The review of the pathophysiology of appendicitis in context of growth and development theories, family centred care and the impact of hospitalizing the child have been illustrated in the report presented below. The pathophysiology of appendicitis suggests that appendix is a vestigial organ in the human body without any definite functions. The appendix is generally filled with food remnants as well as cecum which could create infections due to obstruction. The sole approach for treatment of appendicitis is the removal of the appendix through surgery. Appendicitis is the commonly observed form of inflammation on the lower abdomen and it is prominently observed in the 7% of the total world population (Curtis, et al., 2016). The infection rates are prominently observed in males as compared to females and teenagers as compared to adults as well as with frequent occurrence within the age of 10 and 30. The disease is associated with prominent symptoms such as low grade fever, nauseas, vomiting and loss of appetite. As per Fegran, et al, the majority of cases include references to the rebound tenderness and local tenderness as well as the observation of appendiceal infection on the basis of specific location of the appendix which is affected. Constipation is also a prominent indicator of the disease and further implications that can be derived from the pathophysiology of appendicitis include references to the clinical manifestations (Fegran, et al., 2014). The clinical manifestations refer to the profound symptoms of the affliction including anorexia, nausea, mild fever, moderate malaise and vomiting. In addition to these factors, the observation of constipation accompanied with occasional diarrhoea and localized or generalized abdominal pain could be considered as foremost factors associated with the pathophysiology of appendicitis. The notable aspects of the diagnostic evaluation of appendicitis in the case study also reflect on the pathophysiology. Diagnostic evaluation could be possible through physical examinations, WBC count estimation, and analysis of urine samples, ultrasound or CT scan and x-ray of the abdominal area. It is also essential to notice the essential medications which can be administered to the patients suffering from appendicitis in the pathophysiology of the disease. The process of pathophysiology is associated with description of the disorders in the physiology of an individual in the condition of disease and therefore the symptoms and visibly prominent changes in case of Anne with her initial symptoms of iliac fossa pain. Intervention of nurses: Nurses are required to administer a wide range of responsibilities in order to provide the required healthcare services to Anne in case of her identified appendicitis. The foremost responsibility is to determine the signs and symptoms on a frequent basis and monitor them which include an evaluation of the severity of the pain, fever, tachycardia, distension and rigidity. Nursing intervention reflects on the requirement of assisting the patient in achieving comfort as well as restricting Anne from activities which could aggravate pain (Hockenberry Wilson, 2014). According to Hockenberry, Wilson Rodgers, the prompt preparation of patient for surgery prior to the procedure is also a notable responsibility of nurses in case of appendicitis. Nurses should also assume the tasks of responding to the cases of emergency pain and situations by communicating with healthcare service providers immediately (Hockenberry, Wilson Rodgers, 2016). The discrete palpation of the abdomen and the examples of symptoms observed in case of complications after surgery. The objectives of nursing intervention are observed in context of supporting activities such as instructing the patients for precautions to be followed after surgery. Nursing interventions are also associated with the restriction of patients from consumption of harsh laxatives, stool softeners and increased consumption of fluids. Growth and development theories: The prospects of growth and development theories in nursing are noticed in their relevance for determining the appropriate treatment plans and nursing schedules that can be presented for Annes case study. As per Keers, et al, The growth and development theories reflect on the prominent demarcation between the physical increase in size and the improvement in cognitive reasoning and skills for adaptability (Keers, et al., 2013). Some of the prominent theories such as Freuds psychosexual development theory and Eriksons stages of psychosocial development theory can be considered as viable references for judging the treatment parameters administered by nurses. Family centred care: Family centred care is essential in the case of Anne owing to several factors such as her background and age as well as responsiveness to surgical operations. According to Keers, et al, the family centred care model is associated with treatment of paediatric, neonatal and adolescent cases of diseases and the treatment of Anne involves references to care for adolescent wherein the prominent factors such as issues of consent, impact on siblings, role of family, cultural influences and specific influences in the case study (Keers, et al., 2013). The cultural influence can be formidably observed in the case of Anne since she belongs to an Indian family background which is generally associated with an extended family structure. Despite the factors that Anne would receive optimal healthcare and support services, it is necessary to centre her care approaches with references to the family environment setting. The noticeable factor that can be observed as an indication of the requirement for family-centred care in case of Anne is the existence of four siblings of Anne and the preferences of Anne for living in a homely environment (Keers, et al., 2013). This factor should be addressed effectively for modifying the healthcare settings in accordance to the family environment of Anne. Effects of hospitalization: The effects of hospitalization of the child could be reflected on the child as well as the family. The child is probably subject to physiological as well as considerable mental stress as a result of the treatment. The treatment should be dependent on the family centred care component that has been assumed for the case of Anne and the childs perception of the hospital or the health care settings would be a promising influence on the psychology of the patients (Mahoney, et al., 2013). Generally adolescents have the tendency to associate with visual imagery and form perceptions of particular environments to which they are exposed. Therefore Anna has to be comforted by presence of her family during the ten days of her stay in the hospital for treatment purposes. As per Nordn, Hult Engstrm, the administration of IV antibiotics and pain management in case of Anne indicate potential impact of physical stress leading to symptoms such as pain due to intravenous administration of antibiotics. Presently her condition is characterized by the gangrene in the perforated appendix which requires her to be subject to a nasogastric tube and morphine. Therefore it can be essentially concluded that admission of Anne in the hospital would also be equally impactful on the family in terms of finances as well as the psychological effort required to deal with the situation (Nordn, Hult Engstrm, 2014). The worsening of the condition of appendicitis in Anne has led to complexities in treatment which have to be addressed by alternate treatment measures. The recommended treatment approach administered for appendicitis in the case of Anne i.e. appendectomy has to be preceded by a comprehensive period of preparation wherein antibiotics have to be used for removing the infection of gangrene in the perforated appendix. The surgery can be executed without any complications only through reduction in the gangrene infection observed in the perforated appendix (Perry, et. 2013). Therefore a clear impression of the different treatment procedures which could be administered to Anne for the treatment of her appendicitis has been apprehended as a promising description of the outcomes that can be reflected from the hospitalization outcomes of the child. According Perry et al, the intensive nature of the relaxing agents such as morphine could be impactful on the sensory and cognitive functions of Anne leading to physiological outcomes such as impairment of senses and irritation. Lack of fatigue and considerable body weight loss is also observed as a result of intravenous antibiotic treatment (Perry et al., 2013). Family would also be impacted by the hospitalization of Anne since the involvement of five siblings and the responsibility of Annes parents to address the requirements of her siblings who are younger than her. Conclusion: The report highlighted the pathophysiology of Anne, a 10 year old girl diagnosed with appendicitis. The primary objectives of the report have been realized in the form of description of the impact of nurse intervention in the case study. The profound entities which could be observed as functional inclusions in the report refer to the significance of growth and development theories as well as family centred care on the delivery of apt healthcare services to Anne. The report also illustrated the impacts rendered by the hospitalization of Anne on her as well as her family alongside facilitating recommendations to improve the scenario. References Curtis, K., Foster, K., Mitchell, R., Van, C. (2016). Models of care delivery for families of critically ill children: an integrative review of international literature.Journal of pediatric nursing,31(3), 330-341. Fegran, L., Hall, E. O., Uhrenfeldt, L., Aagaard, H., Ludvigsen, M. S. (2014). Adolescents and young adults transition experiences when transferring from paediatric to adult care: a qualitative metasynthesis.International journal of nursing studies,51(1), 123-135. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D. (2014).Wong's nursing care of infants and children. Elsevier Health Sciences. Hockenberry, M. J., Wilson, D., Rodgers, C. C. (2016).Wong's essentials of pediatric nursing.Elsevier Health Sciences. Keers, R. N., Williams, S. D., Cooke, J., Ashcroft, D. M. (2013). Prevalence and nature of medication administration errors in health care settings: a systematic review of direct observational evidence.Annals of Pharmacotherapy,47(2), 237-256. Kudchadkar, S. R., Yaster, M., Punjabi, N. M. (2014). Sedation, sleep promotion, and delirium screening practices in the care of mechanically ventilated children: a wake-up call for the pediatric critical care community.Critical care medicine,42(7), 1592. Lotz, J. D., Jox, R. J., Borasio, G. D., Fhrer, M. (2015).Pediatric advance care planning from the perspective of health care professionals: a qualitative interview study.Palliative medicine,29(3), 212-222. Mahoney, A. E. D., Hancock, L. E., Iorianni-Cimbak, A., Curley, M. A. (2013).Using high-fidelity simulation to bridge clinical and classroom learning in undergraduate pediatric nursing.Nurse Education Today,33(6), 648-654. Nordn, C., Hult, K., Engstrm, . (2014). Ambulance nurses experiences of nursing critically ill and injured children: a difficult aspect of ambulance nursing care.International emergency nursing,22(2), 75-80. Perry, S. E., Hockenberry, M. J., Lowdermilk, D. L., Wilson, D. (2013).Maternal child nursing care.Elsevier Health Sciences. Smith-Miller, C. A., Shaw-Kokot, J., Curro, B., Jones, C. B. (2014). An integrative review: fatigue among nurses in acute care settings.Journal of Nursing Administration,44(9), 487-494. Smith, J., Swallow, V., Coyne, I. (2015). Involving Parents in Managing Their Child's Long-Term ConditionA Concept Synthesis of Family-Centered Care and Partnership-in-Care.Journal of pediatric nursing,30(1), 143-159.

Life On The Rocks Essays - BookLennonMcCartney, BookThe Beatles

Life On The Rocks Yah, I'll have a vodka on the rocks, Who does she think she is, she can't survive without me, what the *censored*'s the big deal anyway so I have a few drinks every night. Oh, well it's her tough luck, I'm not going to stop coming here after work with my buddies every night so I can spend more "quality" time with her and Alex. How old is he anyway, thirteen, fourteen, I should be bringing him here with me for goodness sake. If she wants to kick me out well fine! An ugly bitch like her won't find anyone knew anyway. Harry over here is a drunken bastard, Vanessa should see him each night rolling around in his own puke, but does his wife say anything? No, she wouldn't dare. We're men, it's our choice and if we want to have just a little fun at night we should be bloody well able to. If our wives don't like it they should just keep their mouth shut. But no Vanessa prefers to ramble on each night about some bull*censored* that Alex is afraid of me. I'm just trying to toughen him up like my father did for me and then she brings up our financial situation and how our money is going to waste blah blah blah. Women and money just don't mix. Ya I'll have another one, same thing. I can't believe she wants me to go to AA meetings she knows how much I hated them when I was forced to go for getting caught driving slightly under the influence. Plus it's not like I have a problem. Let alone one were I need to go to the basement of some church, to discuss my problems with some monotone psychology student who is just there to build up credits towards a degree. And I don't particularly feel like being included in a circle of alcoholics and one kid who tries to understand us all at the same time. Like anyone would even come close to grasping what it's like to have grown up in the poor house, with a real boozer for a father and to have had to struggle for an education, by working night shift at a cement plant. Now with my stressful job a few drinks a night just loosens me up, I don't think Vanessa would like it very much if I came home each night at 7:00 acting like an uptight ass hole. I think I might as well forget everything for now and let Vanessa come to her senses. I'm not the one with the problem now, she is. No job, no money, she'll come running back to me. In the meantime I'll just live with Marco, he drinks just as much as I do and has an extra room, it will be like university all over again. And if I did have a problem, I could stop drinking easily, I just don't want to yet. No, No don't close my tab I'll have another, actually make it a Jack Daniels this time and get one for my buddy Harry over there while you're at it.

Descriptive Essay Sample About My Life 5 Key Points to Include

Descriptive Essay Sample About My Life 5 Key Points to Include One of the most popular essay topics among students is â€Å"My Life† where every student tries to describe his/her life in details which problems exist, what priorities, and outlooks he/she has, etc. It can also be called an autobiographical essay but no in the pure form where you provide the reader with autobiographical details when/where you were born, at what school you were studying, etc. It’s a little bit different. To write a good descriptive essay about life, you should be able to describe some key elements of your life: Mindset, Environment, Relationships, Everyday activities, Hobbies, Experiences and many other things that make up your life. Start writing an essay on your life after reading this article it contains useful information on what to write about in the given essay. It can be needed for an admission essay or any other assignment at school, college or university. Besides, you are offered a well-written essay sample on the topic â€Å"My Life†. Follow it and finish any task with ease! What Can You Tell About Your Life: 5 Key Points to Include The main question you should ask yourself is â€Å"What would be interesting for me to know about the life of any other person?† Imagine you want to know more about your favorite actor or singer. What will you ask him/her about? As it is possible to find out most of the factual information with the help of the Internet today, there is no need to ask about the age, date or place of birth. It is better to focus on the following points while writing a descriptive essay â€Å"My Life†: What is my attitude toward life? How do I perceive my life? Which life experiences influence the way I face today’s world? What do I want from life? Do I enjoy my life to the full or not? Answering these key questions in your essay, you become closer to the fulfillment of the main goal of essay writing to describe your personal life vividly. Besides, you can answer some other questions that are also relevant to life. For example, Is there any challenge in your life that you should overcome or you’ve already overcome? Have you ever dealt with failures in your life? Do you learn from the real-life experience? Whats the relationship between you and your family? Who are your friends? How do you spend your free time? Do you have a passion or hobby in your life? Have you traveled outside of your country, city? Mind all the aspects that could reveal your life to the reader to the fullest extent let your personality come through an essay. Look at how it is done in the essay sample below! Essay Sample My Life Is Life is beautiful and yet life is not a bed of roses. Though it is full of ups and downs, it has many facets of blessings and successes. To some people, life is hard, cruel and merciless. Thes people see life as punishment throughout their entire lives. They, therefore, resigned themselves to fate, believing all is finished. To them, nothing that they do can ever be good. They take delight in committing crimes and maiming others to avenge their ill-fortune. They lost every sense of direction and most times, some of them go as far as committing suicide, just to escape the injustice life has meted out to them. But there are those who see life as a challenge, a channel of discovery and innovation, a prospect for success and a gateway to wealth. To them, life is sweet, colorful and kind. No matter the situation these people find themselves, they keep pressing on, believing in a cause, a cause to succeed and get the most out of life. No wonder an adage says, â€Å"Where there is life, there is hope.† Personally, I belong to these people who enjoy life. The will to succeed or fail lies within an individual jurisdiction. You can live life to the fullest with utmost satisfaction and fulfillment if you determine with all your mind, body and soul to succeed. On the other hand, life can be miserable to you if you take everything for granted and wait on fate to play itself out. The setting of goals and strategic plans that will strive no matter the odds which may move against you is one of the basic things needed to get the best out of life. These goals which must be result-oriented should be followed up consistently even if things seem blurred or unyielding at first. Also, the mind is the center of everything. It controls your thoughts and beliefs. A focused mind has never failed. A positive mind helps one to discover talents and potentials. Great men and women, both living and dead, had their minds focused on something and nothing deterred them from achieving their dreams. Each of them had a belief, should I say faith, which they held onto, they nurture the belief, focused all their attention and live on it. And today, we have benefited in one way or the other from their inventions and great ideas. Life is a challenge. And for anyone to succeed in life, he/she must be ready to show the stuff they are made of. He/she must be ready to sacrifice time and build up the mind frame toward success. What is happening in our environment should not influence or affect us in our daily quest for success in life. Instead, we should control the happenings around us. Life is so easy, yet many people rush and miss what they want to achieve in life. Don’t rush in life. Take one step at a time. Each step should be properly planned before being launched. Steady, balance, mark and shoot. And before you know it, the sky will become the beginning of your success. All the great men of today, has one way or the other tasted the other side of life but they did not cower. Instead, they were renewed to redefine their goals; they ride on with faith, believing in their potential, focusing their mind on something, knowing fully well that in every black cloud there is always a silver lining. I take life to be very simple and do you know what? Life is to be enjoyed. What about you? As you see this essay is a chance to express your life philosophy and values to the readers and give them a sense of who you are. For example, the admissions committee can make sense of you as a potential student in a college you’re applying to or vice versa. So don’t pass up this chance to reflect your personality in this essay by describing what your life is like in details and how it has shaped you. The ‘Into’, ‘Through’, and ‘Beyond’ Approach to Writing an Essay Certainly, you need to describe your life in this essay. But what is a sense when there is no relevance to the reader? Indeed, this topic is quite philosophical to involve others in its discussion. It is true there is no possible way to discuss it on paper, but still, it is possible to touch on the reader. Despite the fact that you should tell about your life in your personal voice, you should address the reader directly. Look at how it is done in an essay sample. The final words deserve a special notice it is a direct question referred to the reader. Be sure it will play a positive role! So, you have the right framework for writing the descriptive essay on the topic â€Å"My Life†. Don’t waste time and start writing immediately the early start makes easy stages!

Addressing Medication Errors Occurring in Nursing

In any healthcare scenario, the process of achieving effective therapeutic outcomes depends on various factors like treatment process, patient safety, communication, nursing care, drug interventions etc. (Fletcher, Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). Any kind of minor or major mistake in any of these factors can lead to drastic loss of patient health and healthcare organisation. Out of these factors drug intervention or medication is the most fundamental requirement to achieve treatment. Any kind of mistake or negligence in drug intervention process can result in direct side effect on patient’s health (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2014). According to Raban & Westbrook (2014), medication error is reported to be a reason for thousands of demises and millions of hospitalisation globally. Hence, fixation of any medication error becomes a fundamental requirement in healthcare scenario. The medication administration and management is one of the fundamental nursing roles that critically depend on the nursing skills and knowledge. The nursing staffs have the responsibility to administrate, monitor and manage the drug intervention for hospitalised patients. Therefore, continuous observance, alertness and approaches are required in healthcare scenario to avoid the potential chances of medical error (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2014). According to Unver, Tastan & Akbayrak (2012) studies the proper definition for medication error is â€Å"any avoidable incident that risks to incongruous medication use causing or leading patient harm, although being under the control of medical professional, carer or consumer†. The medication error incidences are related to healthcare products, medical practices, medical prescriptions, procedures, nursing practices, product labelling, compounding, distribution, education, dispensing, monitoring, utilisation and communication. Any kind of negligence in these events can lead to medication errors. Therefore, adopting best possible strategies to avoid this medication error in healthcare scenario is one of the major priority concerns (Fletcher, Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). As a registered nurse, it is been noticed in my clinical scenario that issue of medication error is gaining a possible position where around 60% risk event in hospital occur due to medication negligence’s in the nursing care unit. Some of the most common factors related to these medication errors are new staff, insufficient training, incorrect administration technique, prescription errors (incorrect dosage), expired medication usage, wrong patient identification, and preparation errors (mixing incorrect multiple medications, dose calculation errors). These factorial causes of medication error indicate nursing medication negligence in the clinical scenario. Therefore, it is critically required to minimise these events and manage medication error to improve medical care facility provided by nursing care unit. This Quality Improvement Project is specifically designed to manage this issue of medication error in healthcare scenario. The various negligence’s and issues in nursing care will be addressed as per the quality improvement process provided in this project to get a control over events of medication error in the organisation. The medication errors described above are clearly indicating the lack of knowledge, calibre and guidance provided to the nursing staff of the hospital. The administration, prescription and preparation errors directly specify the issue in nursing skills and practice. Therefore, this quality improvement project will work to improve the nursing skills by providing a Short-term Periodic Training (STPT) Program that will acknowledge the staff about different strategies to avoid such medication error while dealing with patients in the hospital. This nursing training program is safe and specifically developed to improve nursing practice within the short duration of time to improve medical care. The aim of this quality improvement project will be to implement Short-term Periodic Training Program (STPT program) to overcome nursing issues and mishandling that are increasing the risk of medication errors in healthcare scenario of selected organisation. The medication error is always considered to be a major clinical issue because it directly affects the patient safety and treatment process. Any kind of minor negligence in medication process is prone to develop major clinical consequences (Fletcher, Fletcher & Fletcher, 2012). This project will help to decrease the risk cases occurring due to medication errors caused by mishandling and negligence’s of nursing staff in the healthcare organisation. The Short-term Nursing Program will work to overcome the identified factors leading to the medication error in nursing care unit causing high risk to patient safety. Hence, this quality improvement intervention will help to overcome the medication error harming medical care process. The establishment of patient safety and health betterment is the very first priority of quality healthcare services management. There are various faults and errors that lead to the imbalance in quality outcomes where medication error holds a top most position. After doctors prescribe a medicine the major role players are the nurses whose fundamental work is to manage the treatment of their patient (Grove, Burns & Gray, 2014). According to a recent study related to Medication Safety in Australia provided by Chiang et al. (2010) the faults in nursing administration leads to 70% medication errors. Faults like wrong dose, wrong rate, wrong volume or dose incompatibility were reason of 90% medication error in nursing care unit resulting in surgical requirement, long patient stay and permanent health defects in the patients. Unver, Tastan, & Akbayrak (2012) studied the causes of medication error as per nurse’s viewpoint where the findings indicated more than ten leading factors of medication error responded by paediatric nurses. The major once were stress (70%), burnout (45%), complicated prescription (30%), unfamiliar medicines (40%), work pressure (35%), knowledge deficiencies (20%), and lack of facilities (4%). Further, in a survey studied by Pham et al. (2012) indicated that majority of nursing staff is not aware of the correct form of medication error. Only 20% nurses mentioned medication error as the wrong dose, incorrect time of dose, and wrong mode of transmission and wrong administration process. However, rest 80% of nurses mentioned medication error as lack of documentation and reporting as the medication error. Hence, this literature indicated a lack of proper nursing education that detects the wrong perceptions of nurses about medication error. Kalisch & Aebersold (2010) indicated that nursing experience and education is one of the critical factors that is directly linked to medication error. The less experienced and skilled nurses cause 50% of medication errors that includes wrong patient, incorrect dilution calculations, incorrect dosage, incorrect administration and improper reporting. Seys et al. (2012) supported by indicating that naà ¯ve nurses are generally not able to recognise their medication error as well as they lack proper knowledge in warrant reporting. This indicates a lack in professional training system of the healthcare organisation. In the study of Sears, Goldsworthy & Goodman (2010) related to nurse’s viewpoint on medication error, it is clearly indicated that lack of pharmacological knowledge is a major reason for medication error as per viewpoint of 237 professional nurses. Hence, this directly indicates a requirement of improved training intervention in nursing practice. Chhabra et al. (2012) studied in a survey that 80% of new nurses commit medication error in first six months of their nursing practice where 70% remained unreported by them and 10% caused serious health hazards to the patient. There are different strategies and programs implemented at various organisations in a different manner to cope up with the medication error. Agyemang & While (2010) Opine the use of different strategies to avoid three major causes that are knowledge gaps, performance lapse, and failure of the safety system of medication. The strategies of MEDMARX program are described below: - Further, Mueller et al. (2012) studied that E-learning is the most contemporary form of nursing education with the help of which nurses can get instant solutions for their issue related to medication process. This e-learning strategy helped to improve pharmaceutical knowledge and dosage calculation for nurses. The E-learning facility is new to nursing practices but possesses potential positive outcomes. Seys et al. (2012) studied the use of one nursing education program named as SCRIPT study that was developed to improve the issues like unreadable prescriptions, improper antibiotics documentation, and poor communication leading to medication error. The SCRIPT abbreviation was used in a manner to detail educational message about the program that indicated, S : Senior doctor cross-check, C: Check allergies, R : wRite indications for antibiotics, I: (Initial Date) of charting medicine in parenthesis, P: PRINT and sign your name, T: Appropriate Targets for infusions in the nurs ing practice. The post education results indicated a decrease in prescription error, dose infusions and communication errors. Mohammad et al. (2010) studied an Evidence-based quality improvement program (IQ program) used in hospitals of sixteen states where 30% of 616 critical care hospitals participated in program implementation. The findings indicated that project was successful in improving medication quality and safety in 90% of hospitals. The program used five strategies that are maintaining skilled nursing and pharmacist staff, use of pharmacological reconciliation techniques, implementing technological software’s (telehealth), improving nurse workflow and improving cultural defects in the organisation. Kwan et al. (2013) indicated that reviewing and updating service techniques with education and training on the periodic basis is effective to refine the nursing staff as per dwelling issues and problems in healthcare. This periodic training program can help to regularly update healthcare services as per the changing environmental complex situations. This Quality Improvement research proposal will work to rectify the on-going medication errors that clearly highlight a lack of pharmaceutical knowledge, skills and training in the nursing staff of the organisation. The identified issue are insufficient training, incorrect administration technique, prescription errors (incorrect dosage), expired medication usage, wrong patient identification, and preparation errors (mixing incorrect multiple medications, dose calculation errors) that are leading to medication error establishment. Therefore, to overcome these factors that dwell medication error a Short-term Periodic Training Program (STPT) will be proposed in this project that will help to overcome these issues in the clinical scenario. This STPT will be a short-term 5 days training that will be provided to nursing staff of organisation in every six months to address the identified medication errors. As per the detected causes of medication error, this STPT will be designed and modified in every 6 month period by the experts to upgrade the nursing education and knowledge to cope up with changing healthcare environment and to address the medication errors for medical care improvement. This STPT program will involve an array of five strategies where each strategy will be guided to nurses on each day of the program. These strategies will be produced as per the identified medication error and mistakes in healthcare functionality. The establishment of STPT program will help to achieve equilibrium to manage the regular issues in medication services as well as the program will work to regularly upgrade the skills, education and knowledge of nursing staff within the organisation. Hence, this intervention will provide a regular process to control the medication complexity and establish the proper working environment. This quality improvement intervention will be planned using PDSA approach to regularly analyse the outcomes of this program. According to Nakayama et al. (2010) P-plan, D-do, S-study and A-act is a cycle that helps to analyse the impact of any trail or change in particular scenario. The planning phase involves the planning of change, do phase involves the implementation of change, study phase is accessing or studying the outcomes of change, and act phase involve determining the modification required in next change cycle. PDSA is considered as the ideal model of improvement. Figure 1: PDSA approach for quality improvement (Source: Nakayama et al. 2010, p. 337) In this project, PDSA cycle will be used to implement and test the effect of STPT program for addressing medication error. The below provided is the PDSA design and processes that will lead to development and evaluation of quality improvement program STPT for addressing the medication error in the present clinical scenario.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Determining the current approach  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identifying the potential solutions For the planning phase, the required authorities that include management committee, medical specialists, senior nursing staff and senior pharmacist will be invited to attend a meeting where the medication issues identified will be discussed in details. The aim statement will be to educate nursing staff as per the identified medication error causes in the clinical scenario. The issues will be identifies using the baseline performance audit and health information data of the involved patients. As per the discussion, possible solutions or strategies will be identified to manage these issues. As the current issues are lack of pharmaceutical knowledge, skills and training in nursing staff the proposed training and education strategies are: -  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about five rights of medication administration that are the right drug, right patient, right time, right route and right dosage.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about reconciliation procedures  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about e-learning process to improve knowledge  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Educating about process to documenting medication information and reporting medication error  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Guiding about the use of drug guide and suggesting to carry it all the time (Jones & Treiber, 2010).  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Analyse the improvement theory  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Initiate the STPT program intervention  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Collect the data to analyse  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Document the collected information The education program will be conducted with complete medical, pharmaceutical and surgical nursing staff. The program process will be carried for five days (2 hours) where each day a particular strategy will be taught by nursing teachers to the staff using audio-visual presentations. The education program will be designed as time efficient and simple. After the completion of the program a feedback form will be generated that is required to be filled by each participant of the program. This feedback data will help to analyse the effectiveness of program among audiences. After the completion of the educational program, a post-intervention will be checked for next five-week to detect the improvements in medication errors.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Studying and analysing the collected data  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Identifying the errors and improvements In this phase of PDSA analysis, the collected feedback and audit information will be analysed to detect the improvement in medication error factors, mortality and serious hospitalisation, and impact on nursing staff for the implemented STPT program.    ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Re-analysing the STPT program strategies  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Establishing future strategies This phase of PDSA cycle is to re-examine the error in program development and implementing the possible solution for mistakes detected as per analysis. The modifications will be made in program education strategies in the next STPT program as per the identified medication errors in clinical functionality. As per this quality improvement project of implementing a Short-term periodic training program to overcome medication error in organisation, it is expected that findings will demonstrate a clear decrease in the medication error events and improvement in patient safety. The PDSA approach applied for quality improvement development and analysis allows reviewing the program strategy in every periodic repetition of STPT program. Hence, this technique can be modified as per post education intervention outcomes using PDSA model of quality improvement. Fletcher, R. H., Fletcher, S. W., & Fletcher, G. S. (2012).  Clinical epidemiology: the essentials. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Grove, S. K., Burns, N., & Gray, J. R. (2014).  Understanding nursing research: Building an evidence-based practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Agyemang, R. E. O., & While, A. (2010). Medication errors: types, causes and impact on nursing practice.  British journal of Nursing,  19(6). Chhabra, P. T., Rattinger, G. B., Dutcher, S. K., Hare, M. E., Parsons, K. L., & Zuckerman, I. H. (2012). Medication reconciliation during the transition to and from long-term care settings: a systematic review.  Research in Social and Administrative Pharmacy,  8(1), 60-75. Chiang, H. Y., Lin, S. Y., Hsu, S. C., & Ma, S. C. (2010). Factors determining hospital nurses' failures in reporting medication errors in Taiwan.  Nursing outlook,  58(1), 17-25. Jones, J. H., & Treiber, L. (2010). When the 5 rights go wrong: medication errors from the nursing perspective.  Journal of Nursing Care Quality,  25(3), 240-247. Kalisch, B. J., & Aebersold, M. (2010). Interruptions and multitasking in nursing care.  The joint commission journal on quality and patient safety,36(3), 126-132. Kwan, J. L., Lo, L., Sampson, M., & Shojania, K. G. (2013). Medication reconciliation during transitions of care as a patient safety strategy: a systematic review.  Annals of internal medicine,  158(5_Part_2), 397-403. Mohammad Nejad, I., Hojjati, H., Sharifniya, S. H., & Ehsani, S. R. (2010). Evaluation of medication error in nursing students in four educational hospitals in Tehran.  Iranian Journal of Medical Ethics and History of Medicine,  3, 60-69. Mueller, S. K., Sponsler, K. C., Kripalani, S., & Schnipper, J. L. (2012). Hospital-based medication reconciliation practices: a systematic review.Archives of internal medicine,  172(14), 1057-1069. Nakayama, D. K., Bushey, T. N., Hubbard, I., Cole, D., Brown, A., Grant, T. M., & Shaker, I. J. (2010). Using a plan-do-study-act cycle to introduce a new OR service line.  AORN journal,  92(3), 335-343. Pham, J. C., Aswani, M. S., Rosen, M., Lee, H., Huddle, M., Weeks, K., & Pronovost, P. J. (2012). Reducing medical errors and adverse events.  Annual review of medicine,  63, 447-463. Raban, M. Z., & Westbrook, J. I. (2014). Are interventions to reduce interruptions and errors during medication administration effective?: a systematic review.  BMJ quality & safety,  23(5), 414-421. Sears, K., Goldsworthy, S., & Goodman, W. M. (2010). The relationship between simulation in nursing education and medication safety.  Journal of Nursing Education,  49(1), 52-55. Seys, D., Wu, A. W., Van Gerven, E., Vleugels, A., Euwema, M., Panella, M., ... & Vanhaecht, K. (2012). Health care professionals as second victims after adverse events: a systematic review.  Evaluation & the health professions, 0163278712458918. Unver, V., Tastan, S., & Akbayrak, N. (2012). Medication errors: perspectives of newly graduated and experienced nurses.  International journal of nursing practice,  18(4), 317-324.

Computer technology advancement in Forensic science Essay

Computer technology advancement in Forensic science - Essay Example The system was great for its time. System worked well. The image was not of best quality it worked, better then the old Identity kit. Nothing compares to a good forensic composite artist who can draw the image by hand. However, for those of us who aren't so talented with that medium, the computer and software became our medium and the results were excellent. Computer industry changed. The VISATEX program was in the DOS environment, everything was changing to a graphical environment, Windows. The costs of computers were dropping fast, the programs were cheaper and a lot of those in the industry just couldn't keep up with the changing technology, a financial drain. The "newer" composite programs were using a lot more memory, hard drive space and required better printers. When law enforcement finally caught up to the modern computer world the new composite programs matched the current computers capability. This is where we are today. Several composite programs are offering their composi te images in 16 bit, soon to change to 32 bit images. They are now photo quality, some are even in full color! Computer programs are available for sketching crime scenes and blood spatters by inputting certain measurements associated with the scene and the individual spatters. This blood spatter program will then calculate and draw the spatters' points of origin.

Summary of the article Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Summary of the article - Essay Example for existing depreciation methods as impairment would occur if they violate the requirement of depreciation charges while reflecting the use of the asset in revenue-generating process. The article then proposes an axiomatic system that is compatible with the recent accounting standards. This system shall also test the compatibility of the any depreciation method with the changed requirements for accounting. The axiomatic system proposed has three requirements. Firstly, the periodic depreciation charge has to be non-negative. Secondly, the depreciation charge is not greater than the cash flow for that period. And lastly, the periodic depreciation charge maintains the essential aspect of matching principle between depreciation and cash flow. The article then highlights how current depreciation methods violate the above axiomatic system. The focus of the article then shifts to proportional depreciation method which directly depends on the cash flow of the asset. Two requirements of consistency are then proposed, namely, Partition Consistency and Dynamic Consistency. The first requirement assures that there is consistency between depreciation charges throughout any sub-period division throughout an asset’s life. The second requirement demands that if there is no change in the economic fundamentals during the asset’s useful life, then the original computation of the depreciation charges will sustain. A detailed description of the axiomatic system is given along with its implications. The three axioms are formulated, their definitions are provided while their respective proofs are provided in the appendix. The proportional depreciation system is described and proof is provided about it sustaining the three axioms. The article then enters into the phase of defining partition consistency and dynamic consistency. They are linked to the axioms and a very solid relationship is established between these two consistencies and proportional depreciation method. The